Saxitoxin.html |
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| Saxitoxin | |
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| IUPAC name | (3aS-(3a-α,4-α,10aR*))2,6-diamino- 4-(((amino-carbonyl)oxy)methyl)-3a,4,8,9-tetrahydro- 1H,10H-pyrrolo(1,2-c)purine-10,10-diol |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 35523-89-8 |
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| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C10H17N7O4 |
| Molar mass | 299.29 g mol−1 |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox references |
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Saxitoxin (STX) is a neurotoxin naturally produced by certain species of marine dinoflagellates (Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium sp., Pyrodinium sp.) and cyanobacteria (Anabaena sp., some Aphanizomenon spp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Lyngbya sp., Planktothrix sp.).12 The term saxitoxin originates from the butter clam (Saxidomus giganteus) in which it was first recognized.
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Mechanism
It is a neurotoxin that acts as a selective sodium channel blocker. 3
Human illness
The human illness associated with ingestion of harmful levels of saxitoxin is known as paralytic shellfish poisoning, or PSP, and saxitoxin and its derivatives are often referred to as "PSP toxins".1
The medical and ecological importance of saxitoxin lies mainly in effects of harmful algal blooms on shellfish and certain finfish which can concentrate the toxin, making it available both for human consumption as well as by various marine organisms. The blocking of neuronal sodium channels which occurs in PSP produces a flaccid paralysis that leaves its victim calm and conscious through the progression of symptoms. Death often occurs from respiratory failure. PSP toxins have been implicated in various marine animal mortalities involving trophic transfer of the toxin from its algal source up the food web to higher predators.
Military use
It is listed in schedule 1 of the Chemical Weapons Convention. According to the book Spycraft, U-2 spyplane pilots were provided with needles containing saxitoxin to be used in the event escape was impossible. The United States military isolated saxitoxin and assigned it the chemical weapon designation TZ. Though its early isolation and characterization were related to military efforts, saxitoxin has been more important to cellular research in delineating the function of the sodium channel.
See also
- Harmful algal bloom
- Paralytic shellfish poisoning
- Alexandrium tamarense sp.
- Anabaena circinalis
- Action potential
- Tetrodotoxin
References
- ^ a b Clark RF, Williams SR, Nordt SP, Manoguerra AS (1999). "A review of selected seafood poisonings". Undersea Hyperb Med 26 (3): 175–84. PMID 10485519, http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2314. Retrieved on 12 August 2008.
- ^ Landsberg JH, 2002. The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic organisms. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 10(2): 113–390.
- ^ Huot RI, Armstrong DL, Chanh TC (June 1989). "Protection against nerve toxicity by monoclonal antibodies to the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin". J. Clin. Invest. 83 (6): 1821–6. doi:. PMID 2542373. PMC: 303901, http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI114087.
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